Wavelet Domain Watermark Detection and Extraction using the Vector-based Hidden Markov Model

Multimedia data piracy is a growing problem in view of the ease and simplicity provided by the internet in transmitting and receiving such data. A possible solution to preclude unauthorized duplication or distribution of digital data is watermarking. Watermarking is an identifiable piece of information that provides security against multimedia piracy. This thesis is concerned with the investigation of various image watermarking schemes in the wavelet domain using the statistical properties of the wavelet coefficients. The wavelet subband coefficients of natural images have significantly non-Gaussian and heavy-tailed features that are best described by heavy-tailed distributions. Moreover the wavelet coefficients of images have strong inter-scale and inter-orientation dependencies. In view of this, the vector-based hidden Markov model is found to be best suited to characterize the wavelet coefficients. In this thesis, this model is used to develop new digital image watermarking schemes. Additive and multiplicative watermarking schemes in the wavelet domain are developed in order to provide improved detection and extraction of the watermark. Blind watermark detectors using log-likelihood ratio test, and watermark decoders using the maximum likelihood criterion to blindly extract the embedded watermark bits from the observation data are designed. Extensive experiments are conducted throughout this thesis using a number of databases selected from a wide variety of natural images. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed image watermarking scheme and their superiority over some of the state-of-the-art techniques. It is shown that in view of the use of the hidden Markov model characterize the distributions of the wavelet coefficients of images, the proposed watermarking algorithms result in higher detection and decoding rates both before and after subjecting the watermarked image to various kinds of attacks

Participation of Iranian Cerebral Palsy Children in Life Areas: A Systematic Review Article

How to Cite This Article: Pashmdarfard M, Amini M, Hassani Mehraban A. Participation of Iranian Cerebral Palsy Children in Life Areas: A Systematic Review. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2017; 11(1):1-12. AbstractObjectiveCerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of chronic disability that restricts participation in areas of occupations for children. The main aim of rehabilitation is enhancement of their clients for participation in occupations. The aim of this study was to overview of the factors influencing the participations of children with CP in Iran. Materials & MethodsA systematic, evidence-based process (Duffy 2005) was used. For data gathering electronic databases including Google scholar and Iranian and foreigner famous journals in the fields of pediatrics, were used. The main key words for search were Activity of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), play, leisure, work, rest/sleep, social participation, and education. All the papers of this study were about the factors influencing the participation of Iranian CP children during 2000-2016. Totally, 156 articles were found eligible as for Iranian CP children study, of which 100 articles were discarded. Because of repetitive and duplicability of some articles, 17 articles were removed as well. ResultsThe most studies about Iranian CP children participations in life areas were in the ADL area of participation (N=12), and the lowest articles were in the area in the field of: Work (N=2), play (N=2), and sleep/rest (N=2). Most of the occupational therapists do not focus on the all life areas. ConclusionIn Iran, many researchers do not pay attention to the participation of CP children. Many articles just paid attention to the sensory, motor or cognitive components of their clients.Refereneces1.Trabacca A, Vespino T, Di Liddo A, Russo L. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for patients with cerebralpalsy: improving long-term care. J Multidiscip Health c 2016;22(9):455-462.2. shubhra M, Deborah J. cerebral palsy. In: Braddom RL, editors. physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 3rd ed.Elsevier; 2007. p.1243-61. 3. Van Nieuwenhuizen O, Platenga NJ, Kasteel TE. Epilepsy in cerebral palsy: etiology, classification and prevalence. Europe Paed Neural Soc 1997;1(2-3):111-5.4. Oriady Zanjani M. Cerebral palsy in viewpoint of speech language pathology nature, assessment and treatment. Hamedan: Nooreelm; 2005.5. Joghataei M, Kazem M. Assessment the level of community needs in welfare services on the wholecountry. 1st ed. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; 1990.p.123-5.6. Vohr BR, Wright LL, Dusick AM. Differences and outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2004;113(4):781-9.7. sharifi A, Kamali M, Chabok A. Rehabilitation Needs of People with Cerebral Palsy: a qualitativeStudy. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2014;28:1-10.8. labaf S, Shamsoddini A, Hollisaz MT, Sobhani V, Shakibaee A. Effects of Neurodevelopmental Therapy onGross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Iran J Child Neurol 2015;9(1):36-41.9. Shamsoddini A. comparison between the effect of neurodevelopmental treatment and sensory integration therapy on gross motor function in children with Cerebral Palsy. Iran J Child Neurology 2010;14(1):31-8.10. American Occupational Therapy Association. Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, 3rd Edition. Am J Occup Therapy 2014;48:3-48.11. Bradley L, Law M. systematically reviewing the evidence. In: Law M, editors. Evidence-based rehabilitation: A guide to practice. 2nd ed. USA: Slack Incorporated; 2008. p.143-7.12. Dalvand H, Dehghan L, Feizy A, Amirsalai S, Bagheri H. Effects of the bobath technique, conductive education and education to parents in activities of daily living in children with cerebral palsy. Hong Kong J Occup Therapy 2009;19(1):14–9. 13. Nurani Gharaborghe S, Sarhady M, Hosseini SMS, Mortazavi SS. Relationship between Quality of Life and Gross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy (Ages 4-12) Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2015;37(2):48-53. 14. Afshar S, Rassafiani M, Hosseini S.A. Effect of Occupational Therapy Home Program on Activities of Daily Living of 5-12 Years Old Children. J Rehabil 2013 13(4):117-23.15. Lewandowska A, Zajchowska J, Iwaniszyn J, Huk J, Świeboda P, Filip R. Functioning of the family of a child suffering from cerebral palsy. J Pre-Clin Clin Res. 2012; 6(1): 50-53.16. Razavi Afzal Z-S, Rassafiani M, Sarfaraz Z, Malekpour M, Salehi, M. A Survey on caregivers’ knowledge about special caring for 1-to-5 year-old children with cerebral palsy and their compliance with these practices. J Res Rehabil Sci 2013;9(4):618-28.17. Rassafiani M, Sahaf R. Hypertonicity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: a New Perspective. Iran Rehabil J 2011;9:66-74.18. Poursadoughi A, Dadkhah A, Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi M, Biglarian A. Psycho-Rehabilitation Method (Dohsahou) and Quality of Life in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Iran Rehabil J 2015;13(2):28-33.19. Salehi Dehno N, Noorizadeh Dehkordi S, Dadgoo M, Salehi M. Association between spasticity and the level of motor function with quality of life in community dwelling Iranian young adults with spastic cerebral palsy. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2012;26(4):150-6.20. Noori M, Pishyareh E, Hosseini SA, Akbarfahimi N, Rahgozar M. Relationship between upper extremity function and quality of life in the children with spastic cerebral palsy in Capital of Iran. Pajouhan Scientific Journal 2015;13(3):41-8.21. Dalvand H, Rassafiani M, Hosseini S.A. Handling challenges in the children with cerebral palsy: A qualitative content analysis. J Res Rehabil Sci 2013;9(8):1267-80. 22. Balouchy R, Ghaeni S. Physical Fitness of The Children Infected With Cerebral Paralysis Through A work-group of “Therapists - Children - Parents”. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 2009;17(3):16-23. 23. Dalvand H, Rassafiani M, Hosseini S.A. Handling in the Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of Ideas and Practices (A Literature Review). J Rehabil 2012;13(5):8- 17.24. Hassani M, Hassani Mehraban A, Taghizadeh G, Aliabadi F, Ramezani S. Enjoyment of participation in formal and informal activities among students with cerebral palsy and healthy students. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci 2015;19(3):160-7.25. Nobakht Z, Rassafiani M, Rezasoltani P. Influence of child’s disability on encountering environmental barriers to Participation of children with cerebral palsy. J Res Rehabil Sci 2013;9(2):286-94.26. Ghasemzadeh R, Kamali M, Chabok A, Falahi M, Shirani M. Accessibility to the public facilities: a mean to achieve civil rights of the people with disabilities in Iran. Iran Rehabil J 2008;6(7,8):73-82.27. PourRanjbar M, Keshavarz L, Sharifian E, Farahani A. Barriers for Wheelchair-User Disabled People to Participate in Leisure Physical Activities in Southeast of Iran. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2015;22(5):555-68.28. Hassani Mehraban A, Hassani M, Amini M. The Comparison of Participation in School-Aged Cerebral Palsy Children and normal Peers: A Preliminary Study. Iran J Pediatr 2016 June; 26(3):e5303. doi: 10.5812/ijp.530329. Nobakht Z, Rassafiani M, Rezasoltani P, Sahaf R, Yazdani F. Environmental barriers to social participation of children with cerebral palsy in Tehran. Iran Rehabil J 2013;11:40-5.30. Abbaskhanian A , Rashedi V , Delpak A, Vameghi R, Gharib M. Rehabilitation Interventions for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Rev 2015;3(1):1-8.31. Amini M, Hassani Mehraban A, Haghni H, Asgharnezhad AA, Khayatzadeh Mahani M. Development and validation of Iranian children’s participation assessment scale. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2016 (20 February). Vol. 30:333. 32. Rosenberg L, Jarus T, Bart O. Development and initial validation of the children participation questionnaire(CPQ). Disability Rehabil 2010;32(20):1633-44.33. Amini M, Hassani Mehraban A, Rostamzade O. Translation, cultural adaptation, face, content and convergent validity of children participation questionnaire into Persian. J Rehabil Med 2016; 5(2): 151-157.34. Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Kazemnejad A, Akbar Fahimi N, Nobakht Z, Rassafiani M. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children. Iran J Child Neurol 2015;9(1):76-86

Methyl­(phenyl)­bis­(quinoline-2-carbox­ylato-κ2 N,O)tin(IV) monohydrate

The SnIV atom in each of the two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Sn(CH3)(C6H5)(C10H6NO2)2]·H2O, is N,O-chelated by two quinoline-2-carboxyl­ate ions; the dative Sn—N bonds are significantly longer than the covalent Sn—O bonds. The two O and two N atoms comprise a trapezoid, and the diorganotin skeleton is bent over the longer N—N edge [C—Sn—C = 144.2 (1) and 144.5 (1)° in the two independent mol­ecules]. The uncoordinated water mol­ecules serve to connect the skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal tin-bearing mol­ecules, generating a linear chain motif running along the ac diagonal. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin having a minor component of 33.2 (1)%

10-Hy­droxy­benzo[h]quinolinium tetra­chlorido(2-methyl­quinolin-8-olato-κ2 N,O)stannate(IV) methanol disolvate

In the disolvated title salt, (C13H10NO)[SnCl4(C10H8NO)]·2CH3OH, the SnIV atom is chelated by the N,O-bidentate 2-methyl­quinolin-8-olate ion and is further coordinated by four chloride ions, showing a distorted octa­hedral SnNOCl4 geometry. In the crystal, the cation and anion are linked to the methanol mol­ecules by O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

2-(Methoxy­carbon­yl)quinolinium tetra­chlorido(quinoline-2-carboxyl­ato-κ2 N,O)stannate(IV) methanol solvate

In the title salt, (C11H10NO2)[SnCl4(C10H6NO2)]·CH3OH, the Sn atom is chelated by the quinolincarboxyl­ate unit and it exists in a distorted octa­hedral coordination geometry. The cation is linked to the solvent mol­ecule by an N—H⋯O hydrogen bond; the solvent mol­ecule is linked to the anion by an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond

Executive functions and information processing in patients with type 2 diabetes in comparison to pre-diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is associated with cognitive decline or dementia. The purpose of this study was to assess the executive functions and information processing in patients with type 2diabetes in comparison to pre-diabetic patients and normal subjects in Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center of Isfahan City from April to July 2011. METHODS: The sample consisted of 32 patients with type 2 diabetes, 28 pre-diabetic patients and 30 healthy individuals. Executive functions were assessed by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Information processing was assessed by Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and sub tests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). RESULTS: There was a significant difference among 3 groups, after the variables of age, sex and academic status were controlled (p ≤ 0.001). The pairwise comparisons of executive functions among three groups suggest a significant difference between diabetic and normal groups in WCST (perseveration) p = 0.018, and significant difference between diabetic and pre-diabetic patient in WCST (perseveration) p = 0.019. But there was no difference between three groups in WCST (category) and WCST (conceptual responses). The pairwise comparisons of information processing among three groups, suggest a significant difference between diabetic and normal groups in PASAT3". PASAT2", and Symbol coding (P = 0.003, P = 0.009, and P = 0.001, respectively). There was a significant correlation between demographic variable (FBS, HbA1c) and Symbol coding p = 0.05, p = 0.01 respectively) and significant correlation between (cholesterol) and WCST (conceptual responses) p = 0.05. The other variables were not correlated. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in executive function and information processing in patients with type 2 diabetic and normal individuals. Thus, monitoring neuropsychological status besides controlling levels of blood sugar in these patients is important

8-Hy­droxy-2-methyl­quinolinium tetra­chlorido(pyrazine-2-carboxyl­ato-κ2 N 1,O 2)stannate(IV) methanol monosolvate

In the title solvated salt, (C10H10NO)[SnCl4(C5H3N2O2)]·CH3OH, the SnIV atom is chelated by the N,O-bidentate pyrazine-2-carboxyl­ate ligand and four chloride ions, and shows a distorted octa­hedral SnNOCl4 coordination at the metal atom. The 8-hy­droxy-2-methyl­quinolinium cation and the anion are linked to the methanol mol­ecules by O—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a linear chain running along [10]. There are two independent ion pairs and solvent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin with a 41.8 (1)% twin component

The Stress Level and Related Factors in Students of School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Background & Objective: Dentistry is a stressful job and dental students are exposed to educational and environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to determine the stress level in dental students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on students of School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Data were collected by Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) standard questionnaire and analyzed by linear regression and t-test. Results: 32.6% of students had moderate and 4.3% had severe stress. There was no significant differences between sex, academic year, mean of scores, and stress level. Married students had more stress (P = 0.037). Students staying with their parents had low stress level (P = 0.047). In 66% of students, the university issues were stressor. Conclusion: Based on the result of this study, stress level among dental students is fairly high; greater attention to this issue is recommended. Keywords Stress Dental students Kerman Ira